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The Potential of Panoramic Images for 3D Indoor Model Reconstruction
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 9: 3D indoor model
(a) Front view, (b) right view,
(c) left view
There are 30 samples of distance
have been compared based on
actual measurement and 3D interior
model results. The accuracy of
the 3D interior model is 0.017m
(Root Mean Square Error) and the
standard deviation is +0.018m.
This result explained the errors of
the measurement in the oriented
images that are affected by the
marking point’s process. From the
results, analysis can be made by
taking precautions that the errors
of the model will be minimized,
and measurement accuracy has a
possibility to maximize.
All four models are captured in four
different views: front, right, left and
back view. The surfaces are not as
perfect as the original images due
to the overlapping of marking points
during the orientation process. The
3D model in Figure 9 is produced
using 15 images from digital camera
DLSR SLT-A35. The procedure is
applied, and the results indicate
that the accuracy of panoramic
Vol.54 No.3 & 4 2019
images able to produce 3D indoor
modelling. As mentioned above, the The result shows
surfaces of the interior building are
distorted, most probably because that researchers
of the residual error of marked point
on each image are larger than it could make use
supposed to be.
of cheap camera
4. Conclusion and for surface
Future Work measurement
The research has presented an using the
approach in which photogrammetric photogrammetric
method could be used for 3D
indoor modelling. This research has software.
achieved the aim and objectives for
3D indoor modelling. The consumer
camera proved that DSLR SLT-A35
can generate a 3D indoor model to
millimetres accuracy at the images.
Resolution remains important and
time can be considered. However,
it is suggested that a 16 megapixels
camera can provide a good the 3D surface needs to be improved
resolution for surface measurement. effectively to preserve the features
The result shows that researchers on the surface of the buildings.
could make use of the cheap camera There are several recommendations
for surface measurement using the that would be useful in the future
photogrammetric software. The research such as ensure that the
comparison of actual measurement camera used for the research is
with the measurement that the well-calibrated. The information of
PhotoModeler used is interesting, camera calibration gives changes
which it is reliable to evaluate the to minimize accuracy of the
results. The PhotoModeler Scanner research, the number of images
software uses their ability in stitching for each point is marked must
more than 10 images to complete be maximized to have a good
the orientation and manage to overlapping coverage, ensure that
generate a 3D indoor modelling. The all points appear on three or more
successful to complete the research images, the number of points that
in PhotoModeler proves that the appear at two photographs have to
generation of 3D model can be used maximize otherwise the research
in any applications related to indoor will not successful to carry out
space. Performing the process in this tie points measurement on next
research with a simple measurement images, ensure that the angle
such as tape distances, between the camera positions close
inexpensiveness of instrumentation to 90 degrees as possible. For the
like digital camera fits the procedure research, the camera captured
in orientation processes and easy 360° view, at least, 25 points in the
to capture the sequential photos photographs have good coverage
are several advantages that can be with 60% of overlapping coverage
described. and the points need to be marked
on each image precisely to minimize
For future developments on 3D the residual errors in referencing
modelling, reduction of processing process.
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